Foundations
Universal concepts that underpin verifiable computation.
Before diving into W3-specific constructs, understand these foundational primitives. They exist independently of W3 and form the substrate on which the protocol is built.
Compute
Where code runs. Onchain, TEE, or Cloud—each with different trust models.
Storage
Where data lives. Content-addressed vs location-addressed, persistent vs ephemeral.
Identity
Who acts and attests. Keypairs, addresses, and the roots of cryptographic trust.
Consensus
How distributed systems agree. From Nakamoto to modern oracle networks.
Zero Knowledge Proofs
Prove without revealing. Verification decoupled from data access.